{"id":10218,"date":"2022-01-17T10:10:52","date_gmt":"2022-01-17T09:10:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eoc.cat\/efecto-joule\/"},"modified":"2022-02-17T10:09:58","modified_gmt":"2022-02-17T09:09:58","slug":"efecte-joule","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eoc.cat\/ca\/efecte-joule\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s l’efecte Joule i en quins \u00e0mbits s’aplica?"},"content":{"rendered":"

L’efecte Joule <\/strong>es deu al f\u00edsic vuitcentista James Prescott Joule<\/a>. Es va centrar en investigar, sobretot, l’electricitat<\/strong> i la termodin\u00e0mica<\/strong>. Va ser precisament arran d’un d’aquests estudis quan va poder mesurar la calor que es despr\u00e8n d’un circuit el\u00e8ctric pel pas de corrent pel seu interior en cada segon. Aix\u00ed, va concloure que la quantitat de calor \u00e9s directament proporcional al quadrat de la intensitat de corrent, a la resist\u00e8ncia que oposa el conductor i al temps en el qual circula l’electricitat.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00f2 vol dir que, si no desitges que el teu circuit s’escalfi, has de reduir la intensitat de corrent<\/strong> o buscar un conductor que ofereixi molt poca resist\u00e8ncia. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s aix\u00ed perqu\u00e8 cada material presenta una oposici\u00f3 diferent depenent de la seva conductivitat.<\/p>\n

La llei de Joule<\/h2>\n

Si Lavoisier va enunciar que la mat\u00e8ria no es crea ni es destrueix, nom\u00e9s es transforma<\/strong>, els f\u00edsics vuitcentistes ho van aplicar a l’energia. No obstant aix\u00f2, aquest principi tan vital de la termodin\u00e0mica ja l’intu\u00efen erudits de l’antiguitat com Tales de Milet o Emp\u00e9docles. Per l\u00f2gica, si introdueixes una pot\u00e8ncia en un circuit i, en mesurar al punt final, aquesta s’ha redu\u00eft, en alguna cosa s’ha hagut de convertir.<\/p>\n

Per qu\u00e8 es produeix exactament l’efecte Joule?<\/h2>\n

L’estructura de les mol\u00e8cules dels conductors \u00e9s cristal\u00b7lina. Aix\u00f2 vol dir que els seus \u00e0toms es disposen ordenadament en els v\u00e8rtexs o fins i tot en el centre de les cel\u00b7les. Com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, quan circula un corrent el\u00e8ctric pel seu interior, un percentatge dels seus electrons xoca amb aquests \u00e0toms. D’aquesta manera, es transmuta l’energia cin\u00e8tica dels electrons en energia t\u00e8rmica. A efectes pr\u00e0ctics, el conductor experimenta un augment de la temperatura.<\/p>\n

Un increment de la intensitat de corrent ofereix m\u00e9s possibilitats de xoc i, per tant, major \u00e9s la calor alliberada. Aquest es pot calcular mitjan\u00e7ant la f\u00f3rmula de la llei de Joule. La seva unitat de mesura \u00e9s el Joule.<\/strong><\/p>\n

La relaci\u00f3 entre els Joules i les calories<\/h2>\n

La calor que es despr\u00e8n \u00e9s una mesura de treball, ja que \u00e9s conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de v\u00e8ncer la resist\u00e8ncia que oposa el conductor. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s important tenir-ho en compte perqu\u00e8, quan la calor procedeix d’un treball el\u00e8ctric, es mesura en calories.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00ed, \u00e9s fonamental con\u00e8ixer les seves equival\u00e8ncies perqu\u00e8 realitzis les conversions adequades en els teus c\u00e0lculs. Un Joule s\u00f3n 0,24 calories i una caloria 4,18 Joules. Per tant, en aplicar la llei de Joule per al c\u00e0lcul de la quantitat de calor, no tens m\u00e9s que multiplicar el seu resultat per 0,24 per a passar-ho a calories.<\/p>\n

\u00c0mbits d’aplicaci\u00f3 de l’efecte Joule<\/h2>\n

L’escalfament dels conductors<\/strong> posseeix diferents aplicacions. En aquest sentit, has de saber que existeix una ind\u00fastria investigadora per a crear conductors que gaireb\u00e9 no ofereixin resist\u00e8ncia per a circuits cada vegada m\u00e9s eficients.<\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, si consideres la part positiva dels \u00e0mbits d’aplicaci\u00f3 de l’efecte Joule, veur\u00e0s que pots utilitzar-lo tant a nivell dom\u00e8stic com industrial i fins i tot en il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

El llum incandescent<\/h2>\n

El filament d’aquestes bombetes \u00e9s una resist\u00e8ncia que, amb el pas del corrent el\u00e8ctric, s’escalfa fins a la seva incandesc\u00e8ncia. D’aquesta manera, part d’aquesta calor que despr\u00e8n es transforma ara en energia lum\u00ednica. Com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, l’efecte Joule ha estat imprescindible per a la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

El seu \u00fas dom\u00e8stic<\/h2>\n

Qualsevol electrodom\u00e8stic que generi calor<\/strong> est\u00e0 emprant la llei de Joule. Pots pensar en forns el\u00e8ctrics, planxes, bullidors, assecadors de p\u00e8l, radiadors el\u00e8ctrics, etc.<\/p>\n

A nivell industrial<\/h2>\n

Molts aparells funcionen tenint en compte aquesta llei. Per exemple, en soldadures com les de punt (imprescindibles per a la ind\u00fastria automotriu i xapisteria), en forns de metal\u00b7l\u00fargia, en foses, etc.<\/p>\n

\"circuit<\/p>\n

Inconvenients de l’efecte Joule<\/h2>\n

El major inconvenient \u00e9s la p\u00e8rdua d’aquesta energia en forma de calor i, com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, el sobreescalfament dels circuits el\u00e8ctrics. Aquest escur\u00e7a notablement la vida \u00fatil de qualsevol aparell. Per aquesta ra\u00f3, molts d’ells disposen d’un sistema de ventiladors o dissipadors de la calor.<\/p>\n

Aprofitar aquest efecte no sempre \u00e9s la millor soluci\u00f3 per a guanyar en efici\u00e8ncia. Recorda que les l\u00ednies d’alta tensi\u00f3 per a fer arribar l’electricitat a tots els punts pretenen minimitzar aquest fenomen. Aix\u00ed, augmentar la tensi\u00f3 permet disminuir la intensitat de corrent i, amb aix\u00f2, el nombre d’electrons que poden xocar amb el conductor. Tamb\u00e9 l’\u00fas del coure, que ofereix poca resist\u00e8ncia, va encaminat a reduir aquestes p\u00e8rdues d’energia.<\/p>\n

Tampoc \u00e9s molt recomanable la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 de calefaccions en els habitatges basant-se en aquesta llei. Ara mateix, aquest sistema ni \u00e9s eficient ni sostenible. Tal vegada, quan tota l’energia el\u00e8ctrica s’obt\u00e9 de fonts renovables, es pot replantejar aquesta possibilitat. Aix\u00ed i tot, en alguns casos concrets i individuals pot ser viable aquesta opci\u00f3. No obstant aix\u00f2, per a una calefacci\u00f3 central convencional, conv\u00e9 realitzar alguns estudis.<\/p>\n

En conclusi\u00f3, aquests s\u00f3n els \u00e0mbits d’aplicaci\u00f3 de l’efecte Joule avui dia<\/strong>. Sens dubte, es tracta d’un fenomen que ha estat fonamental per al desenvolupament d’un gran nombre de sectors industrials.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’efecte Joule es deu al f\u00edsic vuitcentista James Prescott Joule. Es va centrar en investigar, sobretot, l’electricitat i la termodin\u00e0mica. Va ser precisament arran d’un d’aquests estudis quan va poder mesurar la calor que es despr\u00e8n d’un circuit el\u00e8ctric pel pas de corrent pel seu interior en cada segon. Aix\u00ed, va concloure que la quantitat […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":9732,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[82],"class_list":["post-10218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-electricitat-general","tag-electricitat-general"],"yoast_head":"\nQu\u00e8 \u00e9s l'efecte Joule i en quins \u00e0mbits s'aplica? | EOC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L'efecte Joule demostra quanta calor que un circuit \u00e9s capa\u00e7 d'emetre segons els components que el formen i les seves caracter\u00edstiques.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eoc.cat\/ca\/efecte-joule\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s l'efecte Joule i en quins \u00e0mbits s'aplica? 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