{"id":12696,"date":"2023-12-04T09:54:27","date_gmt":"2023-12-04T08:54:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eoc.cat\/?p=12696"},"modified":"2023-12-04T10:33:45","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T09:33:45","slug":"corrents-de-foucault","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eoc.cat\/ca\/corrents-de-foucault\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els corrents de Foucault? T’ho expliquem"},"content":{"rendered":"

En el vast m\u00f3n de la f\u00edsica, existeixen fen\u00f2mens aparentment misteriosos que juguen un paper crucial en la nostra societat. Uns dels m\u00e9s destacats s\u00f3n els corrents de Foucault<\/strong>. En aquesta entrada analitzem qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n, en qu\u00e8 consisteixen els seus singulars efectes i quines s\u00f3n les seves diverses aplicacions.<\/p>\n

Aquest tema forma part del temari del nostre curs d’Electricitat General<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Hist\u00f2ria i descobriment<\/h2>\n

Primerament, parlem d’un succ\u00e9s electromagn\u00e8tic fascinant. El seu descobriment, per part de Jean Bernard L\u00e9on Foucault<\/a>, va revolucionar la comprensi\u00f3 de la interacci\u00f3 entre camps magn\u00e8tics i conductivitat el\u00e8ctrica<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

El 1851, aquest f\u00edsic franc\u00e8s va realitzar un experiment amb un disc de coure que girava a alta velocitat. Va observar, en un acte que semblava m\u00e0gia en aquell moment, com una agulla magn\u00e8tica va comen\u00e7ar a moure’s sola responent al moviment. Una aut\u00e8ntica fita cient\u00edfica, ja que va revelar l’exist\u00e8ncia de corrents el\u00e8ctrics indu\u00efts per rotaci\u00f3<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els corrents el\u00e8ctrics par\u00e0sits?<\/h2>\n

Sovint, els corrents de Foucault tamb\u00e9 es descriuen com a corrents el\u00e8ctrics par\u00e0sits<\/strong>. Aix\u00f2 es deu al fet que, en moltes ocasions, no s\u00f3n desitjades i poden considerar-se un efecte secundari no intencional. Fins i tot poden generar p\u00e8rdues d’energia<\/strong>, en forma de calor, en conductors el\u00e8ctrics i components met\u00e0l\u00b7lics. Aix\u00f2 s\u00ed, especialment en aquells que estan exposats a camps magn\u00e8tics variables.<\/p>\n

Per tant, en aquestes situacions, has de prendre mesures per a mitigar el seu impacte o minimitzar-les. \u00c9s important destacar que no es tracta d’un corrent el\u00e8ctric convencional, que flueix de manera cont\u00ednua en un circuit, sin\u00f3 indu\u00efda. Suposa un model circulant en bucles tancats dins del material conductor que produeix efectes magn\u00e8tics contraris<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Aix\u00f2 es coneix com la Llei de Lenz<\/strong>, que estableix que, en l’efecte Foucault, els corrents s’oposen a qualsevol canvi en el camp que les crea. Es tracta d’un principi essencial per a reduir o controlar els efectes electromagn\u00e8tics parasitaris no desitjats.<\/p>\n

Com s’explica aquest fenomen f\u00edsic?<\/h2>\n

El succ\u00e9s es pot entendre millor considerant un model pr\u00e0ctic. Imagina que tens un disc met\u00e0l\u00b7lic que gira en un camp magn\u00e8tic constant. At\u00e8s que no hi ha canvis, no es generaran fluxos. No obstant aix\u00f2, si l’\u00e0rea varia, com quan el metall gira, apareixen corrents el\u00e8ctrics.<\/p>\n

S\u00f3n c\u00e0rregues que es desplacen formant circuits tancats i generant camps magn\u00e8tics oposats als canvis de l’original. Aix\u00f2 dona com a resultat la resist\u00e8ncia del disc a girar m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid, la qual cosa es considera com una for\u00e7a de frenat<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

L’efecte de les c\u00e0rregues el\u00e8ctriques en moviment tamb\u00e9 s’aprecia en objectes conductors<\/strong> que cauen a trav\u00e9s d’un camp magn\u00e8tic<\/strong>. En la pr\u00e0ctica, per exemple, en un imant que es deixa caure a trav\u00e9s d’un tub de coure. A mesura que descendeix, es genera electrocirculaci\u00f3 en el tub, creant un efecte de desacceleraci\u00f3 que alenteix la caiguda de l’imant. En conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, una acci\u00f3 especialment rellevant per a minimitzar les p\u00e8rdues energ\u00e8tiques degudes a la inducci\u00f3 de corrents no esperats.<\/p>\n

\"camp<\/h2>\n

Aplicacions dels corrents de Foucault<\/h2>\n
\n
\n
En \u00e9sser una reacci\u00f3 derivada de la inducci\u00f3 electromagn\u00e8tica en conductors, la seva aplicaci\u00f3 resulta crucial en multitud de processos industrials<\/strong>. I el que \u00e9s millor encara, encara queda molt per descobrir. Tingues en compte que, a mesura que avan\u00e7a la tecnologia i es desenvolupen nous materials, sorgeixen cada vegada m\u00e9s innovadores funcions. Sobretot, el\u00e8ctriques, electr\u00f2niques i electromagn\u00e8tiques.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

En tot cas, enumerarem algunes de les aplicacions actuals. A m\u00e9s, amb referents concrets que il\u00b7lustren la seva utilitat en cada cas.<\/p>\n

Escalfament per inducci\u00f3<\/h3>\n

Una t\u00e8cnica \u00e0mpliament utilitzada per a escalfar materials conductors de manera precisa i eficient<\/strong>. En aquesta aplicaci\u00f3, els corrents es generen quan el material se sotmet a un camp magn\u00e8tic variable d’alta freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e8 ocorre en fer-ho? Que es provoca un augment controlat de la temperatura en el conductor. De fet, en el sector metal\u00b7l\u00fargic, s’utilitza per a escalfar peces abans de la forja. Aix\u00f2 permet estovar l’acer i facilita una forta soldadura, sigui com sigui el conformat final.<\/p>\n

Frenat magn\u00e8tic<\/h3>\n

Una altra aplicaci\u00f3 realment interessant de l’efecte Foucault. S’empra per a alentir o detenir objectes en moviment<\/strong>. Quan un conductor es mou a trav\u00e9s d’un camp magn\u00e8tic variable, els corrents generats creen una for\u00e7a que s’oposa al moviment.<\/p>\n

Un exemple? Els frens de ferrocarril<\/strong> (en particular, els trens d’alta velocitat). Un sistema de detenci\u00f3 que proporciona comoditat, seguretat i rendibilitat, gr\u00e0cies a la singularitat dels ajustos. Tingues en compte que no hi ha contacte ni fricci\u00f3 mec\u00e0nica. Igual succeeix amb els frens de disc en autom\u00f2bils. Quan es trepitja el fre, les pastilles pressionen un disc de metall, generant c\u00e0rregues el\u00e8ctriques que detenen el cotxe.<\/p>\n

En resum, els corrents de Foucault s\u00f3n una mostra perfecta de simbiosi entre f\u00edsica i enginyeria<\/strong>. Una uni\u00f3 que proporciona solucions a diferents desafiaments t\u00e8cnics i l’estudi i la comprensi\u00f3 dels quals continuen evolucionant. Ning\u00fa sap el que ofereix el futur, per\u00f2 aquest fenomen continua sent un emocionant tema de recerca i desenvolupament tecnol\u00f2gic. Ho \u00e9s, especialment, en el sector el\u00e8ctric.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En el vast m\u00f3n de la f\u00edsica, existeixen fen\u00f2mens aparentment misteriosos que juguen un paper crucial en la nostra societat. Uns dels m\u00e9s destacats s\u00f3n els corrents de Foucault. En aquesta entrada analitzem qu\u00e8 s\u00f3n, en qu\u00e8 consisteixen els seus singulars efectes i quines s\u00f3n les seves diverses aplicacions. Aquest tema forma part del temari […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":12707,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[82],"class_list":["post-12696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-electricitat-general","tag-electricitat-general"],"yoast_head":"\nQu\u00e8 s\u00f3n els corrents de Foucault? 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